

StarkNet is an Ethereum Layer 2 network that uses STARK cryptographic proofs to bundle thousands of transactions into a single proof verified on Ethereum mainnet. Unlike SNARKs, STARKs require no trusted setup, meaning there is no ceremony where compromised participants could undermine the system’s security.
Cairo is StarkNet’s native smart contract language, purpose-built to generate STARK proofs efficiently. It is not EVM-compatible by design because EVM architecture is fundamentally inefficient to prove with STARKs. Developers write directly in Cairo rather than porting Solidity, which requires a learning curve but produces far more provable and efficient programs.
Staking v1 introduced basic STRK delegation. v2 added slashing conditions to penalize malicious validators. v3 introduced decentralized block production, removing StarkWare as the sole sequencer. v4 completes the transition with full permissionless validation, at which point no central party controls transaction ordering or block production.
StarkNet moved to STRK-only fees in September 2025 to create genuine token utility and remove ETH as an alternative payment rail. For ETH users it means acquiring STRK to transact on the network, which increases structural demand for the token and tightens the link between network activity and STRK value.
SNIP-31 is a StarkNet Improvement Proposal that enables Bitcoin holders to stake BTC to help secure the StarkNet network. It leverages Bitcoin’s deep liquidity as an additional security layer without requiring Bitcoin to move to a separate chain, expanding StarkNet’s security base well beyond its native token holder set.