Scaling at the data layer and “layer zero”

Mass adoption of any technological system requires that system to be scalable. And it is well-known that blockchains face a scalability challenge as numerous confirmations by a large network of blockchain nodes are both computationally intensive and time-consuming. A common framework for analyzing challenges facing blockchain scalability is the "scalability trilemma" proposed by Vitalik Buterin.

The scalability trilemma refers to the tradeoff decisions blockchains face when trying to combine scalability, decentralization, and security. In other words, keeping to "simple" techniques, a blockchain protocol almost inevitably must choose one of the sides of the triangle below.